Although Dr. Pastore stresses the importance of text and images for the multimedia principle, few of his slides contain images. The modality principle explains the benefits of using graphics and narration; however, Pastore uses text and narration throughout most of his slides. The embodiment principle is also not followed, so Pastore’s presence in the video did not enhance engagement.
Experts may not be able to follow every principle if they do not have access to the technology to print sufficient images, so text may be the only option. Additionally, if it is the first time explaining a concept, an overload of different text, visuals, and narration may be challenging to absorb. Initially avoiding some principles to provide clear instruction can help students understand.
The redundancy principle would apply to a PowerPoint presentation or business meeting, to avoid reading the same information from the displayed slides. This text and narration duplication hinders learning. The coherence principle would also apply because irrelevant details or images increase the cognitive load, hurting learning.
I have always followed the principles of spatial and temporal contiguity because intuitively, I never thought it made sense to separate text and relating images on different slides. However, I broke the coherence principle for a PowerPoint presentation on salmon, where I displayed a different fish on ever slide. These images did not directly relate to my presentation and became a distraction.
Below is my edited screencast video on how to determine measures of central tendency on the software program, Excel.
